Pugs are a popular breed of dog that have captured the hearts of many due to their playful and affectionate nature. However, their adorable looks and lovable personalities come with several health risks that owners should take into account.

In this article, we touch on their history, common ailments, and what owners can do to keep their pets happy, healthy, and in great condition.

THE HISTORY OF PUGS

Pugs have a long and fascinating history. Originating in China, they were named Lo Sze and bred as lapdogs and companions to Chinese nobility. Making the long journey west on merchant ships and along the fabulous Silk Road, the earliest Pug ancestors were brought to Europe by traders in the 16th century, where they became popular among the aristocracy. In the 19th century, Pugs were imported into England, where they quickly became a favoured breed. Some think their English name derives from the word “pugilist” meaning a fist fighter or boxer. Their flat faces and squashed noses seem to bear out this theory. Today, Pugs are beloved all over the world for their unique appearance and friendly personalities.

BREEDING PRACTICES

In an effort to develop the Pug’s distinctive features, some owners engaged in overly selective breeding. Unfortunately, this has made them susceptible to several ailments. Being a brachycephalic breed, they have short wrinkly snouts and flat faces, features that can cause a number of health issues that are common among these quaint little dogs. Additionally, their stout, barrel-shaped bodies are prone to obesity. Their very popularity led to the practices that exacerbated these risks. Many veterinary health authorities are warning that aging Pugs will become subject to serious health crises.

HEALTH RISKS

Pugs are prone to several health problems that can significantly impact their quality of life. Some of the most common include respiratory difficulties, eye diseases, dental issues, and skin problems. The respiratory complaints occur due to their short snouts and flat faces. The narrowed nasal passages cause difficulty breathing also known as brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Along with Boxers, Bulldogs, and other short-snouted breeds, Pugs are more susceptible to seizures than dogs with unobstructed airways. This is thought to occur since insufficient oxygen reaches the brain, especially when they are over-excited or over-exercised. Because of the restricted airflow, they also cannot cool themselves effectively which leads to overheating. Their protuberant eyes can easily be damaged and exposed to afflictions such as dry eye, corneal ulcers, and cherry eye. All signs of eye infections should be monitored and treated to avoid them becoming serious. Dental decay is common due to the Pug’s small jaw and crowded teeth. Skin allergies and disorders such as bacterial infections that start in the facial folds and wrinkles occur frequently.

CARING FOR YOUR PUG

As an owner, there are several steps you can take to help prevent or manage your Pug’s health challenges.

First and foremost, choose your pet from a reputable breeder who prioritizes the health of their dogs. Be sure to provide your Pug with enough but not too much exercise and a healthy diet to help prevent obesity, which can exacerbate breathing difficulties. Their faces should be kept clean with particular attention to ensuring that their cute wrinkles remain germ-free. To keep your pet safe from overheating, keep them inside during the hottest parts of the day and avoid strenuous exercise during very warm weather. Provide easy access to cool, clean water and keep these enthusiastic eaters at a healthy weight. Regular veterinary checkups are also important to catch any maladies early and ensure that your Pug is up to date on vaccinations.

Finally, be mindful of your Pug’s unique needs and limitations. They are adorable companions and understanding their history and potential health risks empowers owners to provide them with the best care. By being proactive and knowledgeable, you can ensure the well-being and longevity of your beloved furry friend.

Separation anxiety is a prevalent behavioural issue that affects many dogs when they are apart from their owners. It can be upsetting for both the dog and the owner, but with the right knowledge and training, it can be effectively managed.

In this article, we will delve into separation anxiety in dogs, its causes, symptoms, and possible solutions.

UNDERSTANDING AND TACKLING THE PROBLEM

Separation anxiety arises when dogs become overly anxious or distressed when left alone. It can present itself in various forms, including excessive barking, destructive chewing, house soiling, pacing, and attempts to escape. While it is normal for dogs to miss their owners when they are away, separation anxiety exceeds typical longing and can result in severe emotional distress.

Several factors can lead to this condition in dogs. A common cause is inadequate socialisation during puppyhood, which can result in an excessively strong attachment to their owners. Significant life changes, such as moving to a new home or the loss of a family member, can also trigger separation anxiety. Dogs that have experienced abandonment or trauma in the past may be more susceptible to developing separation anxiety.

It is crucial to recognise the symptoms of separation anxiety for early intervention. If your dog exhibits excessive distress or destructive behaviour whenever you leave, it is probably suffering from separation anxiety. Other signs may include restlessness, panting, salivating, and refusal to eat. It is important to rule out any underlying medical conditions by consulting a veterinarian before addressing the behavioural issue.

MANAGEMENT

Managing separation anxiety requires a patient and systematic approach. Begin by gradually desensitizing your dog to your departures. Practice short periods of separation and gradually increase the duration over time. Provide your dog with a safe and comfortable space, such as a crate or designated room, where they can retreat and feel secure. Leave them with stimulating toys or treats to keep them occupied and distracted.

Counterconditioning can also help alleviate separation anxiety. Associate your departure cues, such as picking up keys or putting on shoes, with positive experiences like treats or playtime. This will help your dog form a positive association with your departures and reduce anxiety. Engaging your dog in regular exercise and mental stimulation can also help expend energy and reduce stress.

In severe cases, professional help or even medication may be necessary. A certified dog trainer or behaviourist can develop a customised behaviour modification plan tailored to your dog’s specific needs. They may recommend techniques such as desensitization and counterconditioning. A veterinarian must be consulted in extreme cases that require anti-stress medication.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Remember, addressing separation anxiety takes time and consistency. It is essential to be patient and understanding with your dog throughout the process. Avoid punishment or scolding, as it can worsen anxiety and reinforce negative behaviour.

In conclusion, separation anxiety is a challenging issue that many dogs and their owners face. By understanding the causes, recognising the symptoms, and implementing appropriate training techniques, separation anxiety can be effectively managed. With love, patience, and a structured approach, you can help your furry friend overcome their anxiety and develop a sense of security even when you are not by their side.

Small dog breeds and overweight dogs seem to be particularly prone to anal gland problems, but it can affect larger breeds as well.

WHAT ARE THE ANAL GLANDS?

Located on either side of the rectum are two intermuscular collapsible bodies known as the anal sacs or anal glands. The walls of the sacs are lined with tiny sebaceous glands that produce tiny quantities of potently foul-smelling (to us) exudate. The anal sacs are essential to your doggies’ social interactions because they emit scent signals that are complex and, for other dogs, rich in information about their health, condition, sex, and seniority. Knowing this helps the sniffer establish an instant, if temporary, familiarity with the sniffee. The importance of this is that it regulates dogs’ social behaviour and is critical to how they operate in doggy world.

ANAL GLAND DYSFUNCTIONS

Healthy anal glands are naturally emptied every time your dog makes a pooh. The pressure on the glands expresses the small amount of sac contents without any fuss.

Anal gland ducts can become blocked either because they are narrow (especially in small breeds) or because impaction has occurred due to weak bowel movements producing small stools that cannot exert sufficient pressure to clear the glands. Overweight, sedentary small dogs and chronically constipated larger ones are the most likely candidates to suffer from blockages.

INDICATORS

If you notice your pup straining to excrete or constantly licking and scraping its hindquarters on the ground,  it could be in discomfort from inflamed anal glands. On inspection, you’ll find these swollen and probably tender to the touch. (Need I mention that latex gloves are a good idea?)

If you are concerned that this may be the case, what should be done?

TREATMENT

The treatments fall into two categories depending on severity. The first is to apply sufficient manual pressure to clear the ducts followed by flushing with an antiseptic. This should usually be sufficient to clear up milder cases. The second is to follow up with antibiotic treatment for the dog if an infection has taken hold.

If dealing with this problem yourself is too much to stomach, many dog groomers will do the job or, as a last resort, your veterinarian’s assistant will be competent to conduct the operation, especially if the problem has progressed to stage two and there is an infection.

DON’T IGNORE THE SIGNS!

The consequences of blockages that get cleared up quickly are often restricted to mild discomfort. Unfortunately, if the blockage isn’t cleared naturally and an aggravated condition arises, veterinary treatment is essential. Any sign of persistent swelling and pus appearing at the gland openings should be regarded as medically dangerous and treated accordingly.

PREVENTION

Simply put, bulkier, more solid stools are the answer. Making sure that your dog’s diet is rich in fibre is the simplest, cheapest, and healthiest option. This, along with plenty of exercise and weight management should ensure that your beloved pooch never experiences the discomfort and indignity of having their smell signalling equipage not working properly.

Making sure that your beloved pet is resistant to infections, toxins, pathogens, and other causes of illness starts by knowing what the immune system is and what it does.

The immune system consists of the network of organs, cells, tissues, and the substances they produce that keep the body robust against diseases and other ailments. Included in this complex set of defences are the skin, tonsils, lymph system, white blood cells, bone marrow, thymus, and spleen. Each of these constituents has been the subject of voluminous research and libraries of writing, giving us far too much information to be repeated here. It’s sufficient to say that the numbers of interlinkages, interactions, and co-dependencies in this network vastly exceed the sum of the parts.

While all mammals have similar immune systems, the subtle differences in how they function, e.g., in dogs and cats, are thought to underlie the variety of autoimmune, allergic, and infectious conditions that affect our pets. To illustrate; imagine individuals’ immune systems as a point on two intersecting lines. The one being the horizontal axis with genetics at one end and environment at the other. Crossing that line is the vertical axis with overactive at the top end and underactive at the bottom. The ideal is that the lines should cross precisely in the middle, meaning that all factors are in equilibrium and the system is operating optimally. Unfortunately, this is seldom the case, and the reason is easily understood by imagining a pet with great genetics but that is malnourished due to overfeeding.

THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CANINE AND FELINE IMMUNITY

Dogs’ and cats’ evolutionary adaptations differ because dogs have been part of human domestic life for 15 thousand years or more and cats for somewhat less. Other factors, such as the intentional breeding of dogs, saw them lose the genetic diversity of cats. This has allowed our feline friends to have greater resistance to certain types of mite – , tick – , and flea – transmitted infections.

NUTRITION, GUT HEALTH, AND A STRONG IMMUNE SYSTEM

The immune function is related to the gut microbiome and canine and feline microbial populations show variations, which impacts on the ability to resist specific bacteria, viruses, and toxins. A suitable diet containing sufficient amounts of gut-friendly nutrients will maintain healthy levels of microflora. Sometimes it could be necessary to add supplementary amounts of omega 3 fatty acids, prebiotics and probiotics. Your veterinarian will be the best source of advice on which are required.

The study of nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics has opened up research into how the body responds to bioactive foods and other nutrients. This research has emerged as a potential means of tailoring diets according to pets’ genetic profiles. The happy outcome of such dietetics would be to keep the immune system functioning as well as possible.

IMMUNE SYSTEM DISEASES

Many disorders are caused by the immune system being overactive. These are commonly known as autoimmune diseases because the body’s defensive system cannot distinguish between its own cells and the attacking antigens. An example would be canine hypothyroidism of which 95% of cases are caused by the immune system damaging the dog’s thyroid gland. When the classic symptoms appear, the first reaction may be to add iodine supplements to the diet, but the real cause that requires treatment would be the malfunctioning autoimmune system.

Certain autoimmune diseases are commonly found in cats. One of these, haemolytic anaemia, reduces the lifetime of red blood cells. This leads to a shortage of haemoglobin, the protein compound that carries oxygen to all the cells in the body and removes carbon dioxide. Symptoms would include shortness of breath and lethargy, with the gums and inner eyelids being very pale.

Other disorders are due to the immune system being too weak or underactive to provide defences against harmful pathogens. This condition could lead to a huge variety of commonly known ailments.

As caring owners, knowing which sicknesses are actually symptoms of underlying immune system disorders and keeping our pet’s immune systems strong should be among our highest priorities.

Just like humans, dogs and cats can be allergic to pollen which is an inhalant allergen. During allergy season, when pollen counts are very high, allergies can flare up.

Types of Inhalant Allergens

• Tree pollens
• Grass pollens
• Weed pollens
• House dust mites
• Mildew
• Mold
• Dust

Good To Know

Pets that are allergic to inhalant allergens may be allergic to flea saliva and certain foods as well.

Signs and Affected Body Parts

Typically dogs will start showing signs of allergic reaction to inhalant allergens between the ages of one and three.

• Paws: Swollen
• Nose: Sneezing
• Skin: Red/inflamed and itchy
• Eyes: Itchy and/or runny
• Face: Swollen face, lips and/or eyelids
• Throat: Inflamed which leads to snoring
• Ears: Itchy and/or swollen; chronic ear infections
• Gastrointestinal: Diarrhoea and/or vomiting
• General: Continual licking and/or chewing

A pet’s muzzle, underarms, groin, wrists, ankles and areas between the toes may be affected as well.

Remember: Several of these symptoms may be signs of other health issues.

Risk

Skin allergies can lead to secondary infections when wounds (from scratching, biting and licking) become infected. Chronic itching can also be distressing to both the dog and the owner.

How to Identify Allergies

Possible ways to test for allergies (which may not be conclusive) include:

• Blood tests
• Intradermal skin tests

Treating Allergies in Pets

It’s hard to protect pets from environmental allergens, but there are treatments that may help some pets.

• Wipe body daily with a damp towel
• Bathing with therapeutic or hypoallergenic shampoo as recommended by a veterinarian for that particular skin condition
• Medication for allergies prescribed by a veterinarian which may include cortisone, cyclosporine, anti-histamines or apoquel
• Fatty acid supplementation may boost steroid and antihistamines treatment
• Hyposensitisation/desensitisation therapy through allergy injection serum or allergy shots

What is Atopy?

Atopy, in a nutshell, is a heightened immune response to common allergens in the environment. It is thought to be genetic and leads to allergic diseases namely atopic dermatitis (formerly allergic inhalant dermatitis), allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and asthma. Unfortunately there’s no cure, but symptoms can be controlled in some cases. It is important to remember that each pet is unique and will need a unique treatment plan. Your veterinarian will guide you along the process of finding a management plan for your pet.

IF YOU THINK YOUR PET IS SUFFERING FROM AN ALLERGY, TALK TO YOUR VETERINARIAN AS SOON AS POSSIBLE TO FIND A SOLUTION OR TO OFFER RELIEF.